@article {257, title = {Role of overlapping genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between early adolescent conduct problems and substance use in young adulthood}, journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)}, volume = {111}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/06/}, pages = {1036 - 1045}, abstract = {

AIMS: To determine (1) the prospective associations of conduct problems during early adolescence with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood and (2) to what extent these associations are due to overlapping genetic versus environmental influences. DESIGN: A prospective twin study using biometric twin modelling. SETTING: Finland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1847 Finnish twins (943 males and 904 females) were interviewed in early adolescence, 73\% of whom (n\ =\ 1353, 640 males and 713 females) were retained in young adulthood. MEASUREMENTS: Symptom counts of conduct disorder (CD) criteria were obtained from a semi-structured clinical interview in early adolescence [age 14-15 years, mean\ =\ 14.2, standard deviation (SD)\ =\ 0.15]. Frequency of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use was obtained from a semi-structured clinical interview in young adulthood (age 19.9-26.6 years, mean\ =\ 22.4, SD\ =\ 0.7). FINDINGS: We found modest to moderate phenotypical correlations (r\ =\ 0.16-0.35) between early adolescent CD symptoms and substance use in young adulthood. In males, the phenotypical correlations of CD symptoms with all three substance use variables are explained largely by overlapping genetic influences. In females, overlapping shared environmental influences predominantly explain the phenotypical correlation between CD symptoms and tobacco and cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS: Conduct disorder symptoms in early adolescence appear to moderately predict substance use in early adulthood. In males, genetic influences seem to be most important in explaining the relationship between conduct disorder symptoms and substance use whereas in females, shared environmental influences seem to be most important.

}, isbn = {1360-04430965-2140}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26748618}, author = {Verweij, Karin J H and Creemers, Hanneke E and Korhonen, Tellervo and Latvala, Antti and Dick, Danielle M and Richard J. Rose and Huizink, Anja C and Kaprio, Jaakko} } @article {80, title = {A Longitudinal Study of Resting Heart Rate and Violent Criminality in More Than 700 000 Men.}, journal = {JAMA Psychiatry}, volume = {72}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Oct 1}, pages = {971-8}, abstract = {

IMPORTANCE: Low resting heart rate is a well-replicated physiological correlate of aggressive and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents, but whether low resting heart rate increases the risk of violence and other antisocial and risk-taking behaviors in adulthood has not been studied in representative samples.

OBJECTIVE: To study the predictive association of resting heart rate with violent and nonviolent criminality and with fatal and nonfatal injuries owing to assaults and unintentional injuries in the population.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a study of data from several Swedish national registers on 710 264 Swedish men in the general population born from 1958 to 1991, with a follow-up of up to 35.7 years. Outcome data were available and analyzed from January 1, 1973, through December 31, 2009. Resting heart rate was measured together with blood pressure at mandatory military conscription testing at a mean (SD) age of 18.2 (0.5) years.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Violent and nonviolent criminal convictions and medical treatments or deaths owing to assaults and unintentional injuries.

RESULTS: In models adjusted for physical, cardiovascular, psychiatric, cognitive, and socioeconomic covariates, compared with 139 511 men in the highest quintile of the distribution of resting heart rate (\≥83 beats/min), 132 595 men with the lowest quintile (heart rate, \≤60 beats/min) had a 39\% (95\% CI, 35\%-44\%) higher hazard of being convicted of violent crimes and a 25\% (95\% CI, 23\%-28\%) higher hazard of being convicted of nonviolent crimes. The corresponding hazard was 39\% higher for assault injuries (95\% CI, 33\%-46\%) and for unintentional injuries (95\% CI, 38\%-41\%). Further adjustment for cardiorespiratory fitness in a subset of 572 610 men with data from an exercise test did not reduce the associations. Similar associations were found between low systolic blood pressure and violent and nonviolent criminality and for assault injuries when systolic blood pressure was studied instead of resting heart rate in more than 1 million men.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among men, low resting heart rate in late adolescence was associated with an increased risk for violent criminality, nonviolent criminality, exposure to assault, and unintentional injury in adulthood. Most of these results were replicated with low systolic blood pressure. Resting heart rate and other autonomic measures merit further study in the development and prevention of violence and antisocial behavior.

}, issn = {2168-6238}, doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1165}, author = {Latvala, Antti and Kuja-Halkola, Ralf and Almqvist, Catarina and Henrik Larsson and Paul Lichtenstein} }